Civic culture In Yugoslavia Essay - 1647 Words

One definition of ethnicity reads as followed â€Å"identity with or membership in a particular racial, national, or cultural group and observance of that group’s customs, beliefs, or language†. Ethnicity defines many of us but a few want our definition to be â€Å"cleansed† and this is when civil conflict arises. Ethnicity is frequently cited as an explanation for conflicts in the post cold war era. Yugoslavia, a prime example of a system that encountered ethnic conflict that led to a violent civil war, consisted of six republics and two autonomous districts. The government at the time wanted control of these republics but the republics wanted to be free from government control. There was a push by several ethnic groups to form their own sovereign†¦show more content†¦These congruities of blood, speech, custom, and so on, are seen to have an ineffable, and at times overpowering, coerciveness in and of themselves. One is bound to one’s kinsman, on e’s neighbor, one’s fellow believer, ipso facto; as a result not merely of personal affection, practical necessity, common interest, or incurred obligation but at least in great part by virtue of some unaccountable absolute import attributed to the very tie itself. The general strength of such primordial bonds, and the types of them that are important, differ from person to person, from society to society, and from time to time. But for virtually every person, in every society, at almost all times, some attachments seem to flow more from a sense of natural—some would say spiritual—affinity than from social interaction. The cultural primordialist is easier to accept in today’s modern world. For primordialists, ethnic bonds and hatreds are fundamental to one’s identity, meaning that conflicts between ethnic groups are inevitable. Conflicts will by definition be extremely brutal and violent because there is no room for compromise on one’ s spiritual ties and cultural beliefs. Instrumentalist, the second field of thought is when you can differentiate groups from tribes and identity is situational. In modernization it changes the class system within society but does not necessarily lead to conflict. Instrumentalism is when ethnic conflict occurs when itShow MoreRelatedKinesthetic - Greece is located at a gathering point of the eastern nations of the planet the1200 Words   |  5 Pageseastern nations of the planet the western nations this influences its culture. - Consequently the way of life of the citizens is prejudiced by varied traditions practices, which additional affects the culture of the soil. - Greece is recognized to have a great history. - The country had been under the job of a no. of nations has also passed through numerous chronological times. - All these have had a collision upon the culture society of Greece. - Greek is the native language of the nation.Read More20th Century Genius Award2674 Words   |  11 PagesConsidered a leader, a statesman, and a humanist, William Jefferson Clintons genius exemplifies many characteristics of the Age of Modernism and Pluralism in Western culture. The Age of Modernism and Pluralism is said to be a culmination of the previous two major periods in human history. Modernism has the quest for an authoritatively-rational aesthetics, ethics, and knowledge indicative of the Enlightened Period (PostModernism, 2005), and the higher ideals of respect for peoples rights andRead MoreComparative Government6816 Words   |  28 Pagesreligion became very important for their identification. Day 2 Post-Yugoslavia states Tito managed to unify Yugoslavia after WWII and to keep it independent from Russia. self-managed socialism (market orientation). More contact to the west. Authoritarian system but not as closed as the other eastern states. Before he died he passed a new constitution that came into effect after his death. start of decentralization of Yugoslavia. Conflict: movements for more autonomy, different attitudes to possibleRead More The Bonds of the Soviet People1862 Words   |  8 Pages Within a year after Yalta, Stalin installed pro-Soviet governments in Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and after a revolt endorsed by the Soviets, Czechoslovakia. There were also communist governments, independent of Moscow, in Albania and Yugoslavia. Stalin refused to establish free elections in the Soviet-controlled territories and imposed communism instead, creating these satellite states. The United States, Great Britain and France saw the practices of Stalin as repugnant. Stalin was thoughtRead More France Essay2722 Words   |  11 PagesThe National Front (FN) strongly opposes immigration. Labor unions and the Green Party also exert pressure on the government. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In general, French liberals and conservatives today both believe in â€Å"big government.† When civic and economic problems arise, most citizens expect the government to take care of them. Foreign Relations France is a leader in Western Europe because of its size, location, strong economy, membership in European organizations, strong military postureRead MoreChapter 30 Ap Euro Outline Essay2891 Words   |  12 Pagescertain social and religious characteristics. Neither the immigrants nor the host countries gave much thought to assimilation. Except from Great Britain, European governments made it difficult for Muslim, or any other, immigrants to take part in civic life. The Muslim communities therefore remained self-contained and assimilated. ----------------------- As European economic growth slowed, European Muslims have become the target of politicians, such as Le Pen in France, who seek to blame the immigrantsRead MoreThe Role of National Symbols in the Development of Nationalism3430 Words   |  14 Pagesstate is naturally superior to all other states.  It is also used to describe a movement to establish or protect a homeland (usually an autonomous state) for an ethnic group. In some cases the identification of a national culture is combined with a negative view of other races or cultures.  Conversely, nationalism might also be portrayed as collective identities towards  imagined communities  which are not naturally expressed in  language,  race  or  religion  but rather  socially constructed  by the very individualsRead MoreEssay about Frank Lloyd Wright4265 Words   |  18 Pagesplans that are being pursued today. Ground breaking for Monona Terrace in Madison, Wisconsin occurred not three months ago. This Wright d esign, conceived fifty years ago, includes government offices, an auditorium, and rail terminal all in one mammoth civic center. THE CREATIVE GENIUS By the time of his death in 1959, Frank Lloyd Wright had produced architecture for more than seventy years. What is even more remarkable is that Wright had redesigned American architecture for at least a century andRead Moreeffect of workforce diversity on employee performance in anorganization6665 Words   |  27 Pagesyet research evaluating diversity for the sake of developing training interventions does not exist. Hilary and Elaine (2000) suggested that organizations should embrace diversity in their workforce and work towards achieving it by creating a culture where difference can thrive, rather than working simply for representatives and assimilation. Therefore, this study focuses on the relationship among gender, age, ethnicity, and education background on employee’s performance in NATIONAL BANK. 1Read MoreAlternative Dispute Resolution Mechanism21967 Words   |  88 Pagesnegotiation and mediation, with examples of their application in national and international water conflicts. Conflict is endemic to human society, among individuals and groups, and it is important to manage it. We find stories in the Bible, in the Islamic culture, among Native Americans, First Nations in Canada, and many other traditions that describe processes that have been used from the earliest times to find peaceful solutions to various disputes, and much can be learned from the past. In recent decades

A Sociological View of Rastafarianism Essay - 3688 Words

Organized religion is a duality between the religion and the church which represents it. Sometimes the representation of the religion is marred and flawed to those who view it because of the bureaucracy contained within. Unknown to those who gaze upon the dissolved morals and values of what is perceived to be the contradiction known as modern religion, it was never intended to be this way. Most religions started off as a sect, a minor detail on the fringes of the society it never wanted to represent. Rastfarianism is such a sect. The differences between Rastafarianism and a normal â€Å"mainstream† religion are numberless, including: no set membership, no authoritative leader, no offices of authority, no trained clergy and no involvement with†¦show more content†¦He saw African civilization as anterior to all others and used bible verses which were easily interpretable to portray Africans as the chosen people mentioned in the bible, as in Psalm 68: â€Å"Princes shal l come out if Egypt and Ethiopia shall stretch forth his hands onto God† (Barret 78). Garvey’s persistence culminated in the crowning of Ras Tafari as Negus of Ethiopia. He took the name Haile Selassie and added â€Å"King of Kings† and the â€Å"Lion in the Tribe of Judah†, placing himself in the legendary line of King Soloman, and therefore, in the same line as Jesus Christ of Roman Catholicism. Out of this came Rastafarianism which took over Jamaica at a time when it was â€Å"in a low tide economically and socially. Socially, people experienced the brunt of the Depression as well as disaster due to a devastating hurricane. Politically, colonialism gripped the country and the future of the masses looked hopeless. Any doctrine which that promised a better hope and a better day was ripe for hearing† (Barret 84). Weber analyzed conditions such as these as a theodicy of suffering. â€Å"One can explain suffering and injustice by refrying to individual sin committed in former life, to the guilt of ancestors . . . to the wickedness of all people. As compensatory promised one can refer to hopes of the individual for a better life in the future of this world or to the for the successors, or to a better life in the hereafter† (Weber 275). In other words, those who are disadvantaged in aShow MoreRelatedA Sociological View of Rastafarianism3718 Words   |  15 Pagesthe religion is marred and flawed to those who view it because of the bureaucracy contained within. Unknown to those who gaze upon the dissolved morals and values of what is perceived to be the contradiction known as modern religion, it was never intended to be this way. Most religions started off as a sect, a minor detail on the fringes of the society it never wanted to represent. Rastfarianism is such a sect. The difference s between Rastafarianism and a normal mainstream religion are numberlessRead More Nature in the Rastafarian Consciousness Essay example3436 Words   |  14 PagesNature in the Rastafarian Consciousness Living in harmony with the environment and the laws of Nature is one of the central ideas of Rastafarianism. To live in accordance with the Earth is to live in accordance with Jah; it is incorporated into the morality that is Rastafarian consciousness. The Rastas reverence for nature is influenced by the traditional African religions which are still practiced in Jamaica and which have also influenced Christianity on the island tremendously. Hinduism, tooRead MoreEssay Webers Approach to Religion and Sociology1706 Words   |  7 Pages Webers general approach to sociology is known as verstehen sociology; that human action is directed by meaning and that action can only be understood by appreciating the world-view of the social actor concerned. Since religion is an important component of the social actors world-view, religious beliefs can direct social action, and hence bring about social change. In The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Weber explores the relationship between religiousRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesus to survive and thrive This page intentionally left blank Foreword One of the most useful things about Ennis Edmondss Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers is that it correctly traces the connection between the emergence of Rastafarianism and the history of resistance and black consciousness that has been part of the Jamaican experience for years. The truth is that there has always been a committed Jamaican counter- culture that celebrates and sees redemption in Africa and rejectsRead MoreSlavery in Latin America vs Us3432 Words   |  14 Pagesabout many changes, with respect to African-Americans and black culture. Those changes had long lasting effects, not only on how blacks view and are viewed in society, but also on how the destruction of our culture influenced our current life-style today in United States and Latin America. Skin color is still an important factor in today’s society, due to the sociological affects from slavery, which started over 500 years ago. After the conquest, Latin America was referred to as the New World,

Brand Prestige and Functioning-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Analyse similarities between two different watches. Answer: Brand Prestige and functioning The branding that is being undertaken by Richard Mille is based on the functionality of the watch based on the utilization of the high tech materials and the most appropriate design to fit in the requirements of the customers who are after the prestige related aspects of the brands. The elegant and classic looks of the watch has attracted the attention of the fashion conscious customers. The watch is designed in Sweden with a superior classic look, which helps in determining the brand. The proper functioning of the organization is based on the understanding of the needs of the customers to fulfill their criteria of adding the value of prestige which is determined by the product that is being used by the same (Hanzaee and Taghipourian 2012). Therefore, the branding of the product s is again based on the choices of the customers where the customers identify the brand as a sign of the elegance. On the other hand, the branding also ensures the customers of the proper services and the fun ctioning of the commodity that is being chosen by the customers. The branding of prestige oriented products and the branding of function-oriented products in todays world is based on the choice of the customer and the manner in which the customers perceives the product available in the market. It is kind of transferred epithet that affects the choice of the product made by the customers, which is determined by the branding that is used by the organization in the market (Esmaeilpour 2015). On the other hand, the branding of the Daniel Wellington Watch is based on the factors of the functionality that is a major concern for the customers. The functionality of the watch has helped in attracting the attention of the customers in the market (Theng So, Grant Parsons and Yap 2013). The functioning of the watch has helped in determining the different aspects of the customer requirements. The branding of the watch is based on creating awareness among the customers. It has helped in understanding the different aspects of the change that is required to be undertaken by the manufacturers in order to adhere to the needs of the customers in the market (Viktoria Rampl and Kenning 2014). On the other hand, the different perspectives of the customers adds to the loyalty of the same in the market structure (Vigneron and Johnson 2017). The customer loyalty pays a good price for the organization as it helps in bringing about improvements in the product that is manufactured by the organiz ation. The company produces its products, which is based on the requirements of the customers based on the functioning of the product (Keller 2017). The similarity of the branding of the two most elegant watch manufacturers is based on the assurance of the quality. Watch is a passion for the admirers therefore, branding of the watches play an important role in satisfying the emotional needs of the customer. On the other hand, the elegance of the Richard Mille watch and the sporty functionality of the Daniel Wellington Watch is based on attracting the target customers. Branding thereby plays a major role in serving the quality products and services to the requirements of the customers. The similarities in the branding of the watches help in identifying the various demands of the customer and thereby reaching out to the target groups. References Esmaeilpour, F., 2015. The role of functional and symbolic brand associations on brand loyalty: A study on luxury brands.Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management,19(4), pp.467-484. Hanzaee, K.H. and Taghipourian, M.J., 2012. The effects of brand credibility and prestige on consumers purchase intention in low and high product involvement.Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research,2(2), pp.1281-1291. Keller, K.L., 2017. Managing the growth tradeoff: Challenges and opportunities in luxury branding. InAdvances in Luxury Brand Management(pp. 179-198). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Theng So, J., Grant Parsons, A. and Yap, S.F., 2013. Corporate branding, emotional attachment and brand loyalty: the case of luxury fashion branding.Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal,17(4), pp.403-423. Vigneron, F. and Johnson, L.W., 2017. Measuring perceptions of brand luxury. InAdvances in Luxury Brand Management(pp. 199-234). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Viktoria Rampl, L. and Kenning, P., 2014. Employer brand trust and affect: linking brand personality to employer brand attractiveness.European Journal of Marketing,48(1/2), pp.218-236.

The Smartest Guys in the Room free essay sample

The purpose of this paper is consider three possible rationales for why Enron collapsed—that key individuals were flawed, that the organization was flawed, and that some factors larger than the organization (e. g. , a trend toward deregulation) led to Enron’s collapse. In viewing â€Å"Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room† it was clear that all three of these flaws contributed to the demise of Enron, but it was the synergy of their combination that truly let Enron to its ultimate path of destruction. As in any organization, the executives ultimately drive company policy, practices and accepted behavior. The three key executives that led Enron down its fatal path were, Ken Lay, Jeff Skilling and Andy Fastow. Like most successful leaders they possessed intelligence, ingenuity and a charisma that inspired those around them. Unfortunately, those same characteristics instilled them an exaggerated sense of pride, arrogance and greed. While it was widely know that Ken Lay was a prime example of the American Dream, he proved to be an ethical nightmare for those around him. We will write a custom essay sample on The Smartest Guys in the Room or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Despite what one would imagine as an ethical upbringing as the son of a Baptist minister, Ken Lay showed none of those characteristics as an executive and leader of Enron. One of his first and possibly most telling unethical actions was that of his handling of the traders of the Valhalla, NY trading scandal. The Valhalla trading scandal erupted because of the discovery that rogue traders were diverting funds into their personal accounts. When this was discovered by Enron’s internal audit committee and suggested to Ken Lay that they be fired, the idea was quickly dispatched. Ken Lay stated that â€Å"the traders made too much money to let them go†. This simple statement was evidence of what Ken Lay valued most, money. By ignoring suggestions that the rogue traders be fired, he further instilled this type of unethical behavior. It seems evident that Ken Lay used Gellermans rationalization that because the activity helps the company, the company will condone it and protect the people that engage in the activity. This rationalization comes into play on two levels in this instance. Since the traders were the ones making huge profits for the company, they believed that any superiors would condone their actions. Likewise, Ken Lay believed that preventing those traders from being fired would ultimately improve the financial condition of the company and thereby improve its status with shareholders and the board. Due to those rationalizations he believed his actions would be condoned. It was until the traders ceased to make large profits for the company that they were finally fired. While Ken Lay greatly admired those who could generate money by their actions, those who had the idea’s for those actions were held in even greater regard. There was no other executive who personified that role greater than Jeff Skilling. From trading natural gas to pursuing the electricity market, Jeff Skilling was brimming with new and in some regards revolutionary business ideas. These ideas were the source of much of Enron’s potential for success. One of Jeff’s most influential ideas was the concept that Enron should switch to mark to market accounting. In laymen’s terms, mark to market accounting allowed profits to be booked on Enron’s income statement that had not actually been realized yet. They were in essence, future expected profits. While not entirely an unethical practice, it proved to be the major catalyst for some of Enron’s future unethical behavior. Jeff possessed many characteristics that would label him as a charismatic tyrant. The most compelling part of his personality in this regard was his attitude toward his own ideas. Part of his reasoning for moving to mark to market accounting was that people in the future should not be able to book profits for ideas that were not originally theirs. He also believed that his was uniquely intelligent and therefore should not have dissent from those surrounding him or even those above him. In accordance with this, because his traders were the main source of income for Enron, he believed that they should be catered to and admired, no matter how they achieved their profits. All of these factors contributed to Jeff’s unwillingness to concede his wrongdoing, right through his trial after the collapse of Enron. While Jeff Skillings’ traders were making a killing for Enron, many of their other projects were disasters. The man who allowed Enron to continue operating despite massive losses from their core operating business was Chief Financial Officer, Andy Fastow. To finance Enron’s existing activities, they needed massive amounts of capital. Most notable were the special purpose entities also known as SPE’s that chief financial officer Andy Fastow created for Enron. These off balance sheet subsidiaries were created primarily to obtain additional financing without having to tarnish its balance sheet with additional long term debt. In conjunction with these SPE’s, Andy Fastow created many complex financial structures which allowed Enron to continue its operations without having to account for ebt or losses that law abiding corporations would place on their balance sheet or income statement. While complicit in the deception of investors and the general public, Andy Fastow most likely used the idea of diffused responsibility to justify his actions. Before being able to create these special purpose entities, both the board of directors and Enron’s accounting firm Arthur Anderson approved of the proposed entities. This would have left Andy Fastow with the sense that was he was doing was acceptable and therefore there were no impropriety on his part. Even if this justification was not enough, Fastow, much like Ken Lay, could have used another rationalization from Gellerman. He most likely believed that since it was signed of on by the board and their accounting firm that the activity was within reasonable ethical and legal limits and that it was not â€Å"really† illegal or immoral. With their own improprieties being internally justified, Lay, Skilling and Fastow paved the way for immoral behavior to run rampant throughout Enron. This resulted in associates at all levels approving of, and even modeling the behavior of their so called leaders. This created a flaw in the organization which contributed to furthering already great problems at Enron. As with any company large or small, culture and ethics are shaped from the top down. Their adventuresome excursions hammered home the point that Jeff Skilling and Andy Fastow were risk takers. This risk taking behavior seeped into the very soul of Enron. It was no more evident than with the traders. Specifically, the company showed its employees that risk taking behavior was valued and would be rewarded. The traders took this idea and ran with it. Whether it was trading beyond their approved thresholds or creating artificial circumstances so they could have â€Å"arbitrage opportunities†, the traders did whatever was needed to make sure Enron’s stock price and their own wallets continued to inflate. One specific example of this was traders having California electrical plants go offline, so the price of electricity could be artificially inflated for their own gain. This fits perfectly with how Trevino and Nelson described a reward system that encouraged unethical behavior. The traders at Enron were willing to go to whatever lengths to meet and exceed their goals, no matter what wake they had to leave in their path. In accordance with this rewards systems, Skilling has further enforced this behavior by not disciplining those who engaged in this type of behavior but instead encouraged them to maintain that level of performance at all cost. Further adding to the pressure placed not only on traders, but all employees, was the performance review committee (PRC), otherwise known as rank and yank. This intense performance review format heightened an already overwhelming atmosphere of performance. Due to this fact, many Enron employees saw those associates sitting next to them as their competition or even their enemy. This, coupled with Enron’s off kilter reward/punishment system further exacerbated the already growing problem of unethical behavior. Besides rogue executives and some internal flaws, there were also several external factors that contributed to Enron’s demise. One such factor was the trend toward a deregulated energy market in the United States. Deregulated markets removed whatever accountability and transparency that existed in the energy sector. The result of this deregulation allowed Enron to manipulate the price and supply of electricity. With free reign to manipulate the market, Enron no longer had the government controlling their behavior. It was now up to their own internal processes to control their actions. With no internal processes to speak of, and no punishment for gouging consumers, rolling blackouts ran rampant throughout California. Another external factor that helped Enron along its way was the complacency of its outside accounting firm Arthur Anderson and many major banks. As an outside accounting firm, it was Arthur Anderson’s responsibility to question the legitimacy of the financials that they were auditing. Despite this fact, they willingly helped Enron deceive the public and ultimately those who were investing in the company. This again was most likely another case of diffused responsibility. The accounting irregularities were accepted both at the highest level of Enron and also at the highest level of Arthur Anderson. It’s obvious why Enron accepted the accounting practices, but the top executives at Arthur Anderson valued the profits from their client more than keeping the integrity of their audit. The audit committee from Arthur Anderson handling the work therefore chose to accept those accounting practic es at face value and not question their validity. In addition to Arthur Anderson, many major banks helped contribute to Enron’s ability to deceive the investing public. These banks engaged loans that Enron used to create SPE’s and by doing so, allowed them to hide that debt from the public. The banks believed that because other banks were helping Enron in this respect, that it was an acceptable practice and therefore would not be considered out of the ordinary. More importantly, Enron exerted pressure on the banks to keep their stock rated as a strong buy. If they did so, they were rewarded with Enron’s lucrative banking arrangements. This coupled with Arthur Anderson’s relationship showed that even outside entities were capable of being corrupted by Enron’s deep pockets. All in all, the failure of Enron was caused not only by individuals and the organization itself, but also by outside factors that allowed it to spiral out of control. The flawed individuals within Enron caused a trickle down effect into the entire company. With Enron as a whole being flawed, and no strong outside force to deter it from unethical behavior, it was only a matter of time before things imploded. One thing is certain, without the combination of all three of these factors Enron might not have become the largest corporate bankruptcy in the history of the United States.